What is Duhem’s Theorem?
For any closed system formed from known amounts of prescribed chemical species, the equilibrium state is completely determined when any two independent variables are fixed. The two independent variables subject to specification may in general be either intensive or extensive. However, the number of independent intensive variables is given by the phase rule. Thus when F = 1, at least one of the two variables must be extensive, and when F = 0, both must be extensive.
How to Calculate Excess Volume using Actual and Ideal Solution Volume?
Excess Volume using Actual and Ideal Solution Volume calculator uses Excess Volume = Volume-Ideal Solution Volume to calculate the Excess Volume, The Excess Volume using Actual and Ideal Solution Volume formula is defined as the difference between actual volume and ideal solution volume. Excess Volume is denoted by VE symbol.
How to calculate Excess Volume using Actual and Ideal Solution Volume using this online calculator? To use this online calculator for Excess Volume using Actual and Ideal Solution Volume, enter Volume (VT) & Ideal Solution Volume (Vid) and hit the calculate button. Here is how the Excess Volume using Actual and Ideal Solution Volume calculation can be explained with given input values -> 33 = 63-30.