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Contents of the Steering System PDF

List of 19 Steering System Formulas

Ackermann Steering Angle at High Cornering Speed

Ackermann Steering Angle at Low Speed Cornering

Angle of Inside Lock given Turning Radius of Inner Front Wheel

Angle of Inside Lock given Turning Radius of Inner Rear Wheel

Angle of Inside Wheel Lock Satisfying Correct Steering Condition

Angle of Outside Lock given Turning Radius of Outer Front Wheel

Angle of Outside Lock given Turning Radius of Outer Rear Wheel

Angle of Outside Wheel Lock Satisfying Correct Steering Condition

Caster Angle

Mechanical Trail

Motion Ratio or Installation Ratio in Suspension

Pinion Pitch Circle Radius

Slip Angle at High Cornering Speed

Steer Angle given Understeer Gradient

Steering Ratio

Torque Acting on Steering Arm

Understeer Gradient

Understeer Increment due to Steering System Compliance

Vehicle Body Slip Angle at High Cornering Speed

Variables used in Steering System PDF

a_tw Track Width of Vehicle (Millimeter)
A_α Horizontal Lateral Acceleration (Meter per Square Second)
c Distance between Front Wheel Pivot Center (Millimeter)
C₁ Camber 1 (Radian)
C₂ Camber 2 (Radian)
C_af Cornering Stiffness of Front Wheels (Newton)
C_α Cornering Stiffness
C_αr Cornering Stiffness of Rear Wheels (Newton)
d Triple Clamp Offset (Millimeter)
F_f Frictional Force (Newton)
F_y Cornering Force (Newton)
F_zf Load on Front Axle at High Speed Cornering (Newton)
F_zr Load on Rear Axle at High Speed Cornering (Newton)
g Acceleration due to Gravity (Meter per Square Second)
K Understeer Gradient (Radian)
K_ss Effective Stiffness of Steering System (Newton Meter)
K_strg Under Steer Increment due to Steering Compliance (Radian)
L Wheelbase of Vehicle (Millimeter)
M.R. Motion Ratio in Suspension
p Linear or Circular Pitch (Millimeter)
R Radius of Turn (Millimeter)
R_f Front Tire Radius (Millimeter)
R_IF Turning Radius of Inner Front Wheel (Millimeter)
R_IR Turning Radius of Rear Inner Wheel (Millimeter)
R_OF Turning Radius of Outer Front Wheel (Millimeter)
R_OR Turning Radius of Outer Rear Wheel (Millimeter)
R_p Pinion Pitch Circle Radius (Millimeter)
R_s Scrub Radius (Millimeter)
R_sw Steering Wheel Radius (Millimeter)
S Steering Axis Inclination (Radian)
S_r Steering Ratio
ST Spring or Shock Travel (Millimeter)
t Number of Pinion Teeth
T₁ Toe Angle 1 (Radian)
T₂ Toe Angle 2 (Radian)
T_m Trail (Millimeter)
t_p Pneumatic Trail of Tire (Millimeter)
v Lateral Velocity Component (Meter per Second)
v_t Total Velocity (Meter per Second)
W_f Weight under Front Axle (Newton)
WT Wheel Travel (Millimeter)
α_fw Slip Angle of Front Wheel (Radian)
α_r Rake Angle (Radian)
α_rw Slip Angle of Rear Wheel (Radian)
α_s Slip Angle at High Cornering Speed (Radian)
β Vehicle Body Slip Angle (Radian)
δ Steer Angle (Radian)
δ_H Ackermann Steering Angle at High Cornering Speed (Radian)
δ_S Ackermann Steering Angle in Slow Speed Cornering (Radian)
θ_in Angle of Inside Wheel Lock (Radian)
θ_out Angle of Outside Wheel Lock (Radian)
τ Torque (Newton Meter)
Ψ_c Caster Angle (Radian)

Constants, Functions and Measurements used in Steering System PDF

Constant: pi, 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288
Archimedes' constant
Function: acot, acot(Number)
The ACOT function calculates the arccotangent of a given number which is an angle given in radians from 0 (zero) to pi.
Function: asin, asin(Number)
The inverse sine function, is a trigonometric function that takes a ratio of two sides of a right triangle and outputs the angle opposite the side with the given ratio.
Function: atan, atan(Number)
Inverse tan is used to calculate the angle by applying the tangent ratio of the angle, which is the opposite side divided by the adjacent side of the right triangle.
Function: cos, cos(Angle)
Cosine of an angle is the ratio of the side adjacent to the angle to the hypotenuse of the triangle.
Function: cot, cot(Angle)
Cotangent is a trigonometric function that is defined as the ratio of the adjacent side to the opposite side in a right triangle.
Function: sin, sin(Angle)
Sine is a trigonometric function that describes the ratio of the length of the opposite side of a right triangle to the length of the hypotenuse.
Function: tan, tan(Angle)
The tangent of an angle is a trigonometric ratio of the length of the side opposite an angle to the length of the side adjacent to an angle in a right triangle.
Measurement: Length in Millimeter (mm)
Length Unit Conversion
Measurement: Speed in Meter per Second (m/s)
Speed Unit Conversion
Measurement: Acceleration in Meter per Square Second (m/s²)
Acceleration Unit Conversion
Measurement: Force in Newton (N)
Force Unit Conversion
Measurement: Angle in Radian (rad)
Angle Unit Conversion
Measurement: Torque in Newton Meter (N*m)
Torque Unit Conversion

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